CALL BY VALUE AND REFERENCE--

A function can be called by two types

1) Call By Value:-

when an original value is not modified , is known as call by value.
In call by value the actual parameter(the parameter passed to function) is copied into the formal parameter(parameter receive by function).
in this the value of each variable in calling function is copied into the corresponding dummy variable of the called function.
the changes made to the dummy variable have no effect on the actual variable.
Example:-

2)Call By Reference:-

when an original value is modified, is known as call by reference.in this a reference is used , denoted by &(symbol).
we can use either pointer or reference for call by reference
in this the address of the variable is passed into the function called by actual parameter.
in this the memory allocation is same for both actual and formal arguments.
Example:-

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Type casting

type casting or type conversion allows us to convert one data types into another.for type casting cast operator is required. Syntax:-- (type)expression or value; Example: int f =9/4; //without type casting o/p=2 float f=(float)9/4; //with type casting o/p=2.3 Type conversion are of two types: 1)Implicit Type Conversion:- it is also known as automatic type conversion.When the type conversion is performed automatically by the compiler,such type of conversion is known as implicit type conversion. 2)Explicit Type Conversion:- the type conversion performed by the programmer is known as explicit type conversion.which is done by cast operator as above mentioned.

Introduction to C

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UNION

Definition:- Union is similar to structure, except it allows you to define the variable that share storage spaces.Defining a means creating a new data types. How use union:- when we create a structure by using struct keyword, now making a union we just replace the keyword struct with the keyword union , other syntax will be same. Difference between Structure and Union:- the only difference between them is in memory. NOTE:- union is used for low level programming but structure mostly used for high level programming. Program to access union:- """SHARE IT WITH YOUR FRIENDS IF HE DID NOT KNOW""""

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