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FILE HANDLING IN C File handling in C enables us to create, update, read, and delete the files stored on the local file system through our C program. Why we use?:- because for sometime there is a large data which is not displayed on the console window properly.another reason is to access the data again and again.For solving the above problem there is a need to store the data in the file,which is handle in c. C File Operation:- Creation of a new file. Opening an existing file. Reading data from a file. Writing data in a file. Closing a file. Steps for Processing a File:- Declare a file pointer variable Open a file using fopen() function process the file using suitable function close the file using fclose() function. Functions for File Handling:- File Handling in C Not let us understand each functions:- fopen() fprintf() fscanf() fputc()            //All function is defined in stdio.h header file fgetc() fclos...

Pointer to an Array:-  pointer to an array is also known as array pointer.It means access the array using pointer.such as insert element ,find element etc. EXAMPLE:- NOTE:- *b+0 is the address of 0th element,*b+1 is the address of 1st element and so on.so to obtain the value at that address again * is used that is *(*b+0) is the value of 0th element and so on.. Array of pointer:-   It is an array of pointer variable.It is also known as pointer array.Means an array is created which is the pointer. Syntax:- data type *pointer name [array size] ;  Note:- if we write pointer name inside () brackets then it become pointer to an array. Declaration:- int *ptr[5];   EXAMPLE:-  """I HOPE YOU UNDERSTAND"""

DEF:- The C Preprocessor or cpp is the macro processor for the C and C++ programming language.It provide the ability for the inclusion of header file, macro expansion ,conditional compilation( #if,#ifdef,#ifndef,#else,#elif,#endif ) and line control. NOTE:- preprocessor directive are executed before compilation.All preprocessor directive starts with the # hash-symbol. There any many preprocessor directives in c language.In the figure there are two #if written. 1)#include:- The #include preprocessor directive is used to paste code of given file into current file. It is used include system-defined and user-defined header files. If included file is not found, compiler renders error. By the use of #include directive, we provide information to the preprocessor where to look for the header files. There are two variants to use #include directive. (a) #include <filename> :- The #include <filename> tells the compiler to look for the directory where system header file...

DEF:- Escape Sequence is a sequence of character that does not represent itself in the output ,but its effect is visible.It is a sequence of two or more character starting with the backslash(\). For Example:- \n :- it move the cursor to the next line List Of Some Escape Sequences Are:- EXAMPLE:- 

DMA(Dynamic Memory Allocation):-                           At run time decision is taken how much memory is taken by the variable.So there are two ways come to make a variable . SMA:in which create a variable and how much memory taken is decided at the compilation time.For example :- int a, int b[10]; These variable a and b take a fix amount of memory. DMA:- second we create a variable which take the memory at the run time(i.e dynamically).The variable which is created dynamically does not have a name they have a address for which we use a pointer because only pointer access the address. Use(need) of DMA:-                        we study about the array.An array is a collection of items(data) having a fixed size. suppose we create an array.  For Example:- int a[6]={1,2,3,4,5,6}; Here size of array is fixed.what will happen if we need to...

Statement are of two types:- Declaration:- in which we declare the variable Action:- in which for,if-else,getch,printf,scanf etc are used. SMA(STATIC MEMORY ALLOCATION):-                                whenever we create a program,there is a line of declaration statement(or data type declarartion statement) such as int a;char b;etc. Due to this statement we create a variable a,now this variable is the example of SMA.SMA means how much memory is consumed by variable at the time of compiler,this decision is taken before the compilation. At the compile time these variable such as a and b does not having a memory.Memory is given when program is run i.e when object file convert into .exe file.But when program is run how much memory is taken by the variable is decided at the compilation time.This is known as SMA(Static Memory Allocation).   

type casting or type conversion  allows us to convert one data types into another.for type casting cast operator is required. Syntax:--      (type)expression or value; Example:       int f =9/4; //without type casting       o/p=2       float f=(float)9/4;  //with type casting       o/p=2.3 Type conversion are of two types: 1)Implicit Type Conversion:-  it is also known as automatic type conversion.When the type conversion is performed automatically by the compiler,such type of conversion is known as implicit type conversion. 2)Explicit Type Conversion:-  the type conversion performed by the programmer is known as explicit type conversion.which is done by cast operator as above mentioned.

Definition:-                 Union is similar to structure, except it allows you to define the variable that share storage spaces.Defining a means creating a new data types. How use union:-                       when we create a structure by using struct keyword, now making a union we just replace the keyword struct with the keyword union , other syntax will be same. Difference  between Structure  and Union:- the only difference between them is in memory. NOTE:-  union is used for low level programming but structure mostly used for high level programming. Program to access union:- """SHARE IT WITH YOUR FRIENDS IF HE DID NOT KNOW""""

Definition:- Defining a structure means creating a new datatypes It gives a way to grouping a variable Structure is a collection of dissimilar elements while array is for similar  it can be defined outside or inside the function struct keyword is used for defining a structure   Syntax:            struct variable_name          {    declaration of member variable   };                                              at last ; semicolon insert  Example:   1)   struct date{     //define outside the function         int d,m,y;  //member variable         };   or }d2;  where d2 is the variable of structure         main()         {...

String is a sequence of character which terminated by null character("\0"). String basically a 1-D array of characters. Size of string is one more than the character in string, for example :"hello" 5 character but size is 6. Example:- declare and initialize an string, which is same as array NOTE:- printf("%c",hi[i]);  print character printf("%s",hi);  print whole string   Functions Related to String:- ///click here to see the use of every function///

Dynamic memory allocation cannot be performed without using pointers, so it is necessary to learn a pointers. A pointer is a variable which holds the address of the another variable. Pointer is also declared as other variable declared, but it use a asterisk(*) symbol, to represent that it is a pointer. Syntax:- data_types *variable_name; Example:-  int *p; // integer pointer Note:-  A pointer can hold the address of that variable, which is same as pointer data types,i.e data types of pointer variable=data types of other variable.           Every variable is a memory location, and every memory location has its own address which can be accessed by using ampersand(&) operator. Program:-  to print the address of a variable:  Use Pointer:-  define a pointer variable assign the address of the other variable into pointer variable access the value at the address, from the pointer variable.It is done by using unary(*) ope...

DEFINITION:-  Storage class define the scope(visibilty) and life time of a variables or functions within a C program.Storage class are associated with the variables for describing the features of any variables or functions. There are 4 types of storage classes: auto:-   auto is the default storage class for all local variable(i.e the variable inside function).auto keyword is used to define the storage classes. register :-   register is used to define the local variables that should be stored in a register instead of RAM(random access memory) , this means that unary operator (& or reference) can't applied.Register variables work fast than the variable stored in RAM.Register variable are used for looping. static:-   it is the default storage classes for global variables.global static variable can be accessed in any part of the program.The default value is assigned 0 by the compiler.static keyword is used to define the static variable. ...

DEF:- Array is a linear collection of similar elements Array is also known as subscript value Array is a group of value when there is a lot of data then array is required Array are the derived data types in c language which can store the primitive data types of type int, float, char etc. in array each element have index, through index each element can be accessed randomly. Advantage of Array:-- Code Optimization:- less code to access the data Ease of traversing:- by using loop we can traverse the element of array Ease of sorting:- to sort the array only few codes are written randomly access:- any element access randomly Disadvantage of Array:- Fixed size:- the size of array is defined when we declared an array, which cannot be change.Array in c are not dynamically like linked list etc. Declaration of Array:- An Array can be declared such as we declare the function , only difference is ,In function argument is passed but in array size is declared [...

A function can be called by two types 1) Call By Value:-   when an original value is not modified , is known as call by value. In call by value the actual parameter(the parameter passed to function) is copied into the formal parameter(parameter receive by function). in this the value of each variable in calling function is copied into the corresponding dummy variable of the called function. the changes made to the dummy variable have no effect on the actual variable. Example:-   2)Call By Reference:-   when an original value is modified, is known as call by reference.in this a reference is used , denoted by &(symbol). we can use either pointer or reference for call by reference in this the address of the variable is passed into the function called by actual parameter. in this the memory allocation is same for both actual and formal arguments. Example:-   

Definition:- when a function call itself is called recursion. note:- the problem which is solved by recursion is also solved by loops, but it is not necessary the problem solved by loops is also solved by recursion.  Example:- Explanation:- 1) a fun function declared which takes argument and return value 2) main starts fun is called by passing 3 value 3)after calling fun definition starts, where check if a==1 no because a is 3, s=a+fun(a-1) means s=3+fun(2)  from here fun function is again called now this body again execute now a is 2, so s=3+fun(2), fun(2) is replaced by 2+fun(2-1=1) i.e s=3+2+fun(1) again fun function is called... overall s=3+2+1=6, s is return this return value goes where fun function is called , where return value is stored in k, so k=6 now print is 6. 

Definition:- it is basically a piece of code it has name for identification a function can be called multiple times to maintain the reusability and modularity. by writing function we can avoid same writing/piece of code Function aspects:-  3 aspects of function are 1.function declaration:- a function must be declared globally in c , to tell the compiler about function name, function return type, function parameter.           Syntax:-   return_type function_name(arguments or data_types parameter);              example:-   void sum(int a,int b); 2.function call:-  a function can be called anywhere from the program, pass the same no. of parameter as we write in function declaration.         Syntax:-   function_name(argument_list)             example:-   sum(a,b) 3.function definition:-  it contains the actual statements whi...

we discussed about control instruction, but control instruction are also of four types: Decision Control Instruction--- Iterative Control Instruction(for, while, do-while)-- Switch Case control instruction-- go to control instruction -- """to know in detail click on the link""" """help your friend also"""